The Khmer Rouge, or the Red Khmer, was a movement born out of the struggle against French colonization. He says that Mali wasn't a civilisation in one video, yet in another video, he says that Mali was an empire. The infamous Rwandan genocide was triggered by the tensions between the Hutus and Tutsis. Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic. Evidence suggests that they moved rapidly across the continent, south and east, sometime between 2000 BCE and 1000 CE. Evidence of the existence of previous African races and tribes can be found in present day DNA records of today's Bantu people. For example, in a number of languages the infinitival is the auxiliary designating the future. As usual, the argument is one of semantics. From Mr Bernard Fagg's layer 3 at Taruga, containing iron slag and Nok figurines. The Tutsi's . By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. Remaining in Africa, we now shift our attention to an episode of colonial genocide that deeply scarred the legacy of the German colonization of Africa. There was, of course, a great deal of mercantile resistance, but the British government held firm. Nonetheless, in the unfathomable complexity of the Anglo-Irish relationship, there are no small number of historians who point the finger at the British government, not so much for acts of commission, but acts of omission. This response quickly escalated to orchestrated genocide, and was extended beyond the Herero to the neighboring Namaqua people, who were of Khoisan origin, and the San, or Bushmen as well. [32][33] By the first century BC, Bantu speaking communities in the great lakes region developed iron forging techniques that enabled them to produce carbon steel. Postulated millennia-long series of migrations. Ethnic Armenian Christians, mainly living in what would today be modern Turkey, became subject to genocide as the old ruling Caliphate of the Ottoman Empire came under the more modernizing influence of the Young Turks. We won't share your contact details with anyone. About 3500 years ago, an event began that changed the demographic, linguistic, and cultural makeup of the African continent forever. Archaeologists have found physical evidence of the migration in pottery, iron-smelting technology, and subsistence farming techniques that originated in the Bantu West African region, creating a timeline of movement across the continent. No such policy was implemented in 1845, and as such, the famine has been described as artificial, and attributable to a deliberate policy of punishing a stubborn and difficult constituent territory of the Kingdom. It is reprinted here with the agreement of the R.S.A.Google Scholar, 2 Johnston, H. H., A survey of the ethnography of Africa: and the former racial and tribal migrations of that continent, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, XLIII (1913), 3912.Google Scholar, 3 Wrigley, C. C., Speculations on the economic prehistory of Africa, Journal of African History, I (1960), 201.Google Scholar, 4 McBurney, C. B. M., The Stone Age of Northern Africa (1960), 234.Google Scholar. In the 1840s, Ireland existed as part of Great Britain and Ireland, and as such, it was ruled directly from London by the British Government. The last major act of defiance of a native race in southern Africa against European domination was the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. A boundary commission, sponsored by the British government, attempted to divide India along Hindu and Muslim lines. The dynamics of genocide are rooted in the complex colonial policies of the time. Needless to say, not all Germans subscribed to his vision, but enough did to render it practical, and, as the old saying goes: Bad things happen when good people do nothing. Simon Webb's take on anything to do with African histories and cultures is mostly bunk. The result of this was an extraordinarily cohesive and violent nation, glorifying in bloodshed, and celebrating with utter fanaticism the personality cult of their leader. Linguistic analysis suggests that the expansion proceeded in two directions: the first went across or along the Northern border of the Congo forest region (towards East Africa),[6] and the second and possibly others went south along the African coast into Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Angola, or inland along the many south-to-north flowing rivers of the Congo River system. It is for chronological data concerning the second and third stages that we can now turn hopefully to archaeology. III and VII.Google Scholar, 25 For example, Fagan, Brian, Southern Africa, 110.Google Scholar, 26 Ihle, A., Das alte Knigreich Kongo (Leipzig, 1929).Google Scholar, 27 Oliver and Mathew, op. The military government solicited the aid of the United States, and a heavy-handed US response included a massive bombing during 1973, killing some 300,000 people. Zulu Warriors in full Battle Regalia Source: i.imgur.com. The Partition of India is such a case, and while Hindu/Muslim sectarianism lies at the heart of the debate, there is also the question of whether the British washed their hands of India, and walked away knowing that genocide was inevitable. Bambuti, also called Mbuti, a group of Pygmies of the Ituri Forest of eastern Congo (Kinshasa). Murdock, G. P., Africa: Its Peoples and their Culture History (New York), 2901.Google Scholar, 10 Greenberg, J. H., Studies in African Linguistic Classification (New Haven, 1955), 40.Google Scholar, 12 Guthrie, Malcolm, Some developments in the pre-history of the Bantu languages, Journal of African History, III (1962), 27382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 13 From Mr Bernard Fagg's layer 3 at Taruga, containing iron slag and Nok figurines. Back on more familiar territory, the Armenian Genocide, also known as the Armenian Holocaust, has long been the subject of furious denial by the Turkish government. This resulted in an attempt to systematically eliminate the large Christian Armenian minority. Muslim nationalists then began demanding a two-state solution, which neither the British nor nationalists like Mohandas Mahatma Gandhi particularly wanted. In Eastern and Southern Africa, Bantu speakers may have adopted livestock husbandry from other unrelated Cushitic-and Nilotic-speaking peoples they encountered. of the Congo rainforest at its periphery, for instance along the coasts of South Cameroon, Gabon, and Congo (11, 16, 19).A second event at 2,500 B.P. Upon the death of his illegitimate father, the king of the minor Zulu clan, Shaka seized the ascension, killing all rivals, after which he began to build a society forged by war and bloodshed. A lot less easy to explain is the national derangement that gripped one half of Cambodia, causing it to react with such violence towards the other. Derek Nurse und Grard Philippson: The Bantu Languages. It is a relatively well-known story, or at least one that African history . Linguists, classifying the languages and creating a genealogical table of relationships, believed they could reconstruct material culture elements. Before the Bantu expansion, Khoisan-speaking peoples inhabited Southern Africa. The Urewe culture dominated the Great Lakes region between 650BC and 550BC. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian. The definition of genocide is fluid enough for it to be very easily claimed, and no less easily rejected. . Until the 1980s, International academic interest in the issue was limited by Soviet censorship, so at the time that it was occurring, very few people were aware of it. I'd imagine it's the same way. Partisans in France, Yugoslavia, the Eastern Front and the Philippines have much written about them. During that bitter period of modern Irish history between 1845 and 1849 approximately 1 million people died, and a million more emigrated. There seems to be much more evidence for the Bantu Expansion than the Aryan 'Invasion' (quote marks because some suggest migration, some say invasion). Yet, was it all bloodshed and oppression? The tell-tale sign is the lack of non-bantu Y-DNA left in the area and the MtDNA still surviving, which means they killed the men and "took" the women. The Bantu Expansion is unique among ancient dispersals of peoples and languages due to its combination of high amplitude, rapid pace, and adaptation to multiple ecozones ().The spread of Bantu-speaking people from a homeland region on the border between Nigeria and Cameroon toward eastern and southern Africa starting ~4000 years ago had a momentous impact on the continent's linguistic . } No it is a white supremacist talking point that doesn't make a lot of sense. Thus they will have a small pool of their specific Y-DNA just by the numbers. Therefore, the Bantu Expansion is not a textbook example of a farming/language dispersal. This implied that all colonization was by invitation, which was, of course, hardly the case. In 1884, it was agreed among European powers that all expansion into Africa would be by treaty with local, indigenous authority. The Shum Laka people survived for at least 1,000 years in the heart of Bantu country. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. Between 1904 and 1907, up to 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama were killed, many in concentration camps, dying of disease and starvation. [35] Such processes of state-formation occurred with increasing frequency from the 16th century onward. This particular event, however, became embroiled in other social, political and economic issues, which is where historians tend to point the finger of blame at the British and accuse them of genocide. It never happened. In both these stages the Bantu expansion seems to have coincided fairly closely with the spread of the Iron Age; and, if the spread of the Iron Age through the area north of the southern woodlands can now be traced in something like the detail which we already have for Zambia and Rhodesia, the mystery of the Bantu expansion will have been largely unravelled. 23 Ibid. India and Pakistan would be separated, with what is today Bangladesh part of mainland Pakistan. False and dangerous equivalency. The BenueCongo branch includes the Bantu languages, which are found throughout Central, Southern, and Eastern Africa. Bearing in mind, however, the likely ramifications of a civil war between Hindus and Muslims in India, it seemed, in the end, the only viable solution. For example, one study found this to be the case in Bantu language speakers who are African Pygmies or are in Mozambique,[27] while another population genetic study found this to be the case in the Bantu language-speaking Lemba of Southern Africa. The economic suffering of the German people that followed, and the rise of nationalism that this set in motion, created ideal circumstances for a merchant and banking class to attract the attention of a disposed population. Sutton, J. E. G. It remains a livid international issue, however, and one upon which Turkeys entry into the European Union has traditionally been hinged. The impact of the Bantu Expansion has stood the test of time it continues to influence the demographics, language, and culture of the continent today. the bantu empire - two millenia of black supremacy, conquest, genocide, rape, war & colonisation! Published online by Cambridge University Press: Quite as the Turkish government and people reject outright the definition of the Armenian deportation as genocide, so the British government also regard the Great Irish Famine of 1845-1852. I understand if you do not want to answer this question especially since this video is white supremacy propaganda. No one was safe, not even children, for as the philosophy went, to stop the weeds you must also pull up their roots. However, attempts to trace the exact route of the expansion, to correlate it with archaeological evidence and genetic evidence, have not been conclusive; thus although the expansion is widely accepted as having taken place, many aspects of it remain in doubt or are highly contested. The question is rather whether Muslim nationalists were to blame for demanding a two-state solution, whether Hindu nationalists were to blame for allowing it, or whether the British were to blame for leaving India knowing that genocide was inevitable. Needless to say, not all Germans subscribed to his vision, but enough did to render it practical, and, as the old saying goes: Bad things happen when good people do nothing. An example of this was the Arab Revolt of the same period, which was facilitated and supported by TE Lawrence, the legendary Lawrence of Arabia. 277.Google Scholar, 20 Oliver, R., Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840, in R. Oliver and G. Mathew, History of East Africa, I (1963), 194204.Google Scholar, 21 The position in April 1965 was summarized by Dr Brian Fagan in an unpublished paper entitled Iron Age radiocarbon dates in sub-Saharan Africa, presented to the African History Seminar at the School of Oriental and African Studies.Google Scholar, 22 Fagan, Brian, Southern Africa, 949.Google Scholar. However, beneath the sea lies evidence of a lost world a mass of land that []. However, Simon Webb/History Debunked is a bad faith actor, he cherry picks a lot of his info and he's clearly spreading false history. The ideological underpinning of all of this was simply the Maoist principle of transforming Cambodia into rural and classless society, with a population consigned to labor on collectivized farms. It remains a livid international issue, however, and one upon which Turkeys entry into the European Union has traditionally been hinged. From anti-Semitic pogroms to attacks against the Cossack minority, and numerous deportations and mass imprisonments, the history of the Soviet Union is replete with genocide. Probably in the minds of a few individuals who had the power to stop it, it was, but as a systematic government policy, perhaps not. Also Read: Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. Before the expansion of Bantu-speaking farmers, Central, Southern, and Southeast Africa was populated by Pygmy foragers, Khoisan-speaking hunter-gatherers, Nilo-Saharan-speaking herders, and Cushitic-speaking pastoralists. When they reached the Zulu shield-wall, they were so tightly bunched they could scarcely fight. India was, as the saying goes, the Jewel in the British Crown. Just for the sake of background, the former, the Bantu people, form the vast majority of the African population and are typically described as Negroid, or Congoid, their origins being in the region of the Congo and the Niger Delta. [1] The rough chronology established on genealogical evidence has recently been confirmed by radiocarbon dates from Bigo, the earliest site identifiable in the dynastic tradition of the region.Google Scholar, 28 Verhulpen, E., Baluba et Balubaiss (Antwerp, 1939).Google Scholar, 29 Nenquin, J., Notes on some early pottery cultures in North Katanga, Journal of African History, IV (1963), 1932.CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 30 Clark, J. Desmond, The spread of food production in sub-Saharan Africa, Journal of African History, III (1962), 222;Google ScholarFagan, B., Southern Africa, 4851.Google Scholar, 31 Oliver, R., Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840, in R. Oliver and G. Mathew, History of East Africa, I (1963), 18091.Google Scholar. [15] The 60,000-km2 Mambilla region straddling the borderlands here has been identified as containing remnants of "the Bantu who stayed home" as the bulk of Bantu-speakers moved away from the region. No genocide to date had been based so completely on myths, on hallucinations, on abstract, nonpragmatic ideology which was then executed by very rational, pragmatic means.. The raw facts of the Irish Famine are quite simple. The linguistic core of the Bantu languages, which comprise a branch of the Atlantic-Congo language family, was located in the southern regions of Cameroon. Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Bearing in mind, however, the likely ramifications of a civil war between Hindus and Muslims in India, it seemed, in the end, the only viable solution. Most of these treaties implied imperial protection in exchange for land rights. Also known as the Bantu conquest of Africa - 2,000 Years of Bantu supremacy, racism, conquest, genocide, rape, war, cannibalism and colonisation. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Even then Bantus aren't native to Tanzania. They subsequently rebelled, attracting a violent response from the Germans. These include sultanates based at Lamu, Mombasa, Kilwa, Pate and Malindi. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. From what ik the bantu expansion is that it was a migration of people over a long period of time that did result in some cases as conflict but not wholesale coordinated genocide, in the most cases communties assimilated and mixed into each other and not some mass replacement and removal. It was of limited practical use to them, bearing in mind that it almost entirely comprised desert, but it was essential in the cut and thrust of competition, in particular with the British, in the race for European global expansion. Enter your library card number to sign in. These deaths were distributed across all of the most populous regions of Russia, but the greatest impact was felt in Ukraine. It must be remembered that the rise of Nazi Germany can be attributed to the terms of the peace imposed on imperial Germany in the aftermath of WWI. In my view it was probably invented by people who want to claim that most of Southern Africa originally belonged to the Khoisan people, and not the Bantus, and that the Bantus are later arrivals just as the European Colonizers are later arrivals. Their spread was occasioned by a phenomenon known as the Bantu Migration, or Bantu Expansion, which began in the first millennium and concluded towards the end of the 18th century. The first 500 years were spent moving a few hundred kilometers through the dense West Central African rainforest. fall into the classification of genocide. via language shift and admixture of incoming and existing populations). The Swahili traded with the inland kingdoms, including Great Zimbabwe. Researchers have found ways to trace the movement of Bantu-speaking peoples that began possibly as early as 2000 BCE. 2002). Factors that support claims of genocide include the confiscation not just of grain crops, that were needed to feed a growing industrial army, but also the confiscation of all foodstuffs, including livestock and domestic animals. They generally lack case inflection, but grammatical gender is characteristic, with some languages having two dozen genders (noun classes). But new research from an international team casts doubt on this version of events. It was one of the first states in Africa and paved the way for the historic Kingdom of Great Zimbabwe. 32 Photographs of Porajmos, the World War II Romani Gypsy Genocide, Heartbreaking Images of the Rwandan Genocide, Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. It was caused by the failure of the potato crop, thanks to a mold-related blight, which affected a rural population heavily dependent on potatoes as a staple food source. An example of this was the Arab Revolt of the same period, which was facilitated and supported by TE Lawrence, the legendary Lawrence of Arabia. Has data issue: true Millions were killed and displaced, and it hasn't gotten much easier for them since. [34], Movements by small groups to the southeast from the Great Lakes region were more rapid, with initial settlements widely dispersed near the coast and near rivers, due to comparatively difficult farming conditions in areas farther from water. Personal communication from Mr Fagg. Historians believe the migration was splintered in small groups not large conquering hordes that separated and settled in new regions. It is thought that Central African Pygmies and Bantus branched out from a common ancestral population c. 70,000 years ago. Yet there's no evidence for both migrations. This movement sought not only to replace the traditional leadership of the empire with the constitutional government but also to expand and solidify Muslim Turkish control of central and eastern Anatolia. The Bantu Expansion: How Bantu People Changed Sub-Saharan Africa Reading time: 4 minutes About 3500 years ago, an event began that changed the demographic, linguistic, and cultural makeup of the African continent forever. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. Press J to jump to the feed. The land rights, of course, were freely utilized, while the protection often simply meant bondage. Until the 1980s, International academic interest in the issue was limited by Soviet censorship, so at the time that it was occurring, very few people were aware of it. The mechanics of the Holocaust are now so universally understood that nothing can be added here. Feature Flags: { The result was a mass slaughter as Muslims trapped in India sought to flee to Pakistan, and Hindus and Sikhs caught in Pakistan tried to make it across the border into India. To make sense of this paradox, the researchers carried out a large-scale comparison of all the ancient African DNA gathered so far, along with living people from across Africa and beyond. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. Nonetheless, in the unfathomable complexity of the Anglo-Irish relationship, there are no small number of historians who point the finger at the British government, not so much for acts of commission, but acts of omission. The majority of sub-Saharan Africans speak one or more Bantu languages and modern African states are heavily affected by their Bantu-migrant predecessors. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. As the genocide progressed, survival was determined simply by an individuals ability to do work on the collective farms. The dissolute prince of a minor tribe, playing fast and loose, raped and impregnated the daughter of a neighboring tribal chieftain. If you see Sign in through society site in the sign in pane within a journal: If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society. As heirs to the old Mughal Empire, traditional Muslim leaders enjoyed an influence not particularly congruent with their numbers. Even to date, records are patchy and inconsistent, and much of what is known is through anecdotal reporting and oral history. The primary evidence for the Bantu Expansion is linguistic: the diffusion of Bantu languages throughout the continent. Unfortunately, it is also greatly understudied and often unknown to history enthusiasts. No genocide to date had been based so completely on myths, on hallucinations, on abstract, nonpragmatic ideology which was then executed by very rational, pragmatic means.. There are reports that during the last ten years of the Dutch East India Company's rule (1795), 2,504 "Bushmen" were killed, 669 captured and 276 colonists ( Khoikhoi) slain. Some 6.5 million of those were Muslims migrating from India to Pakistan, and 4.7 million Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan to India. These migrants changed population demographics, spread farming across sub-equatorial Africa, introduced iron technology, and built powerful states that continue to influence the African continent today. Possibly caused by population growth, or by conflict, a migration set off in two streams one East across central Africa, and the other South following the Congo river system. It is described as one of the most momentous events in African history. The economic suffering of the German people that followed, and the rise of nationalism that this set in motion, created ideal circumstances for a merchant and banking class to attract the attention of a disposed population. The Khmer Rouge, or the Red Khmer, was a movement born out of the struggle against French colonization. It has been proposed that this is the remnant of an independent western Batwa (Mbenga or "Baaka") language.[20]. Like hes a supposedly a historian but I see no mention of him going to a university.
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